diff --git a/misuzu.php b/misuzu.php
index 6f8b2ad..5561d70 100644
--- a/misuzu.php
+++ b/misuzu.php
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ Environment::setDebug(MSZ_DEBUG);
 mb_internal_encoding('utf-8');
 date_default_timezone_set('utc');
 
-require_once MSZ_ROOT . '/utility.php';
 require_once MSZ_SOURCE . '/url.php';
 
 $dbConfig = parse_ini_file(MSZ_CONFIG . '/config.ini', true, INI_SCANNER_TYPED);
diff --git a/public-legacy/comments.php b/public-legacy/comments.php
index 567c5f4..076e9d3 100644
--- a/public-legacy/comments.php
+++ b/public-legacy/comments.php
@@ -5,25 +5,17 @@ use RuntimeException;
 
 $redirect = filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'return') ?? $_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] ?? url('index');
 
-if(!is_local_url($redirect)) {
-    echo render_info('Possible request forgery detected.', 403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!is_local_url($redirect))
+    Template::displayInfo('Possible request forgery detected.', 403);
 
-if(!CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-    echo render_info("Couldn't verify this request, please refresh the page and try again.", 403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+    Template::displayInfo("Couldn't verify this request, please refresh the page and try again.", 403);
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_info('You must be logged in to manage comments.', 403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::displayInfo('You must be logged in to manage comments.', 403);
 
-if($msz->hasActiveBan()) {
-    echo render_info('You have been banned, check your profile for more information.', 403);
-    return;
-}
+if($msz->hasActiveBan())
+    Template::displayInfo('You have been banned, check your profile for more information.', 403);
 
 $currentUserInfo = $msz->getActiveUser();
 
@@ -38,50 +30,37 @@ if(!empty($commentId)) {
     try {
         $commentInfo = $comments->getPost($commentId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_info('Post not found.', 404);
-        return;
+        Template::displayInfo('Post not found.', 404);
     }
 
     $categoryInfo = $comments->getCategory(postInfo: $commentInfo);
 }
 
-if($commentMode !== 'create' && empty($commentInfo)) {
-    echo render_error(400);
-    return;
-}
+if($commentMode !== 'create' && empty($commentInfo))
+    Template::throwError(400);
 
 switch($commentMode) {
     case 'pin':
     case 'unpin':
-        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_PIN) && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo)) {
-            echo render_info("You're not allowed to pin comments.", 403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_PIN) && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo))
+            Template::displayInfo("You're not allowed to pin comments.", 403);
 
-        if($commentInfo->isDeleted()) {
-            echo render_info("This comment doesn't exist!", 400);
-            break;
-        }
+        if($commentInfo->isDeleted())
+            Template::displayInfo("This comment doesn't exist!", 400);
 
-        if($commentInfo->isReply()) {
-            echo render_info("You can't pin replies!", 400);
-            break;
-        }
+        if($commentInfo->isReply())
+            Template::displayInfo("You can't pin replies!", 400);
 
         $isPinning = $commentMode === 'pin';
 
         if($isPinning) {
-            if($commentInfo->isPinned()) {
-                echo render_info('This comment is already pinned.', 400);
-                break;
-            }
+            if($commentInfo->isPinned())
+                Template::displayInfo('This comment is already pinned.', 400);
 
             $comments->pinPost($commentInfo);
         } else {
-            if(!$commentInfo->isPinned()) {
-                echo render_info("This comment isn't pinned yet.", 400);
-                break;
-            }
+            if(!$commentInfo->isPinned())
+                Template::displayInfo("This comment isn't pinned yet.", 400);
 
             $comments->unpinPost($commentInfo);
         }
@@ -90,15 +69,11 @@ switch($commentMode) {
         break;
 
     case 'vote':
-        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_VOTE) && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo)) {
-            echo render_info("You're not allowed to vote on comments.", 403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_VOTE) && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo))
+            Template::displayInfo("You're not allowed to vote on comments.", 403);
 
-        if($commentInfo->isDeleted()) {
-            echo render_info("This comment doesn't exist!", 400);
-            break;
-        }
+        if($commentInfo->isDeleted())
+            Template::displayInfo("This comment doesn't exist!", 400);
 
         if($commentVote > 0)
             $comments->addPostPositiveVote($commentInfo, $currentUserInfo);
@@ -112,27 +87,21 @@ switch($commentMode) {
 
     case 'delete':
         $canDelete = $perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_DELETE_OWN | Perm::G_COMMENTS_DELETE_ANY);
-        if(!$canDelete && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo)) {
-            echo render_info("You're not allowed to delete comments.", 403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$canDelete && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo))
+            Template::displayInfo("You're not allowed to delete comments.", 403);
 
         $canDeleteAny = $perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_DELETE_ANY);
-        if($commentInfo->isDeleted()) {
-            echo render_info(
+        if($commentInfo->isDeleted())
+            Template::displayInfo(
                 $canDeleteAny ? 'This comment is already marked for deletion.' : "This comment doesn't exist.",
                 400
             );
-            break;
-        }
 
         $isOwnComment = $commentInfo->getUserId() === $currentUserInfo->getId();
         $isModAction  = $canDeleteAny && !$isOwnComment;
 
-        if(!$isModAction && !$isOwnComment) {
-            echo render_info("You're not allowed to delete comments made by others.", 403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$isModAction && !$isOwnComment)
+            Template::displayInfo("You're not allowed to delete comments made by others.", 403);
 
         $comments->deletePost($commentInfo);
 
@@ -150,15 +119,11 @@ switch($commentMode) {
         break;
 
     case 'restore':
-        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_DELETE_ANY)) {
-            echo render_info("You're not allowed to restore deleted comments.", 403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_DELETE_ANY))
+            Template::displayInfo("You're not allowed to restore deleted comments.", 403);
 
-        if(!$commentInfo->isDeleted()) {
-            echo render_info("This comment isn't in a deleted state.", 400);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$commentInfo->isDeleted())
+            Template::displayInfo("This comment isn't in a deleted state.", 400);
 
         $comments->restorePost($commentInfo);
 
@@ -172,15 +137,11 @@ switch($commentMode) {
         break;
 
     case 'create':
-        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_CREATE) && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo)) {
-            echo render_info("You're not allowed to post comments.", 403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_CREATE) && !$categoryInfo->isOwner($currentUserInfo))
+            Template::displayInfo("You're not allowed to post comments.", 403);
 
-        if(empty($_POST['comment']) || !is_array($_POST['comment'])) {
-            echo render_info('Missing data.', 400);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(empty($_POST['comment']) || !is_array($_POST['comment']))
+            Template::displayInfo('Missing data.', 400);
 
         try {
             $categoryId = isset($_POST['comment']['category']) && is_string($_POST['comment']['category'])
@@ -188,15 +149,12 @@ switch($commentMode) {
                 : 0;
             $categoryInfo = $comments->getCategory(categoryId: $categoryId);
         } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-            echo render_info('This comment category doesn\'t exist.', 404);
-            break;
+            Template::displayInfo('This comment category doesn\'t exist.', 404);
         }
 
         $canLock = $perms->check(Perm::G_COMMENTS_LOCK);
-        if($categoryInfo->isLocked() && !$canLock) {
-            echo render_info('This comment category has been locked.', 403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if($categoryInfo->isLocked() && !$canLock)
+            Template::displayInfo('This comment category has been locked.', 403);
 
         $commentText = !empty($_POST['comment']['text'])  && is_string($_POST['comment']['text']) ? $_POST['comment']['text'] : '';
         $commentReply = (string)(!empty($_POST['comment']['reply']) && is_string($_POST['comment']['reply']) ? (int)$_POST['comment']['reply'] : 0);
@@ -214,27 +172,23 @@ switch($commentMode) {
             $commentText = preg_replace("/[\r\n]{2,}/", "\n", $commentText);
         } else {
             if($canLock) {
-                echo render_info('The action has been processed.', 400);
+                Template::displayInfo('The action has been processed.', 400);
             } else {
-                echo render_info('Your comment is too short.', 400);
+                Template::displayInfo('Your comment is too short.', 400);
             }
             break;
         }
 
-        if(mb_strlen($commentText) > 5000) {
-            echo render_info('Your comment is too long.', 400);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(mb_strlen($commentText) > 5000)
+            Template::displayInfo('Your comment is too long.', 400);
 
         if($commentReply > 0) {
             try {
                 $parentInfo = $comments->getPost($commentReply);
             } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {}
 
-            if(!isset($parentInfo) || $parentInfo->isDeleted()) {
-                echo render_info('The comment you tried to reply to does not exist.', 404);
-                break;
-            }
+            if(!isset($parentInfo) || $parentInfo->isDeleted())
+                Template::displayInfo('The comment you tried to reply to does not exist.', 404);
         }
 
         $commentInfo = $comments->createPost(
@@ -249,5 +203,5 @@ switch($commentMode) {
         break;
 
     default:
-        echo render_info('Not found.', 404);
+        Template::displayInfo('Not found.', 404);
 }
diff --git a/public-legacy/forum/forum.php b/public-legacy/forum/forum.php
index 87f30df..61d6bd4 100644
--- a/public-legacy/forum/forum.php
+++ b/public-legacy/forum/forum.php
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use stdClass;
 use RuntimeException;
-use Index\XArray;
 
 $forum = $msz->getForum();
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
@@ -13,8 +12,7 @@ $categoryId = (int)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'f', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
 try {
     $categoryInfo = $forum->getCategory(categoryId: $categoryId);
 } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
+    Template::throwError(404);
 }
 
 $perms = $msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('forum', $categoryInfo);
@@ -22,10 +20,8 @@ $perms = $msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('forum', $categoryInfo);
 $currentUser = $msz->getActiveUser();
 $currentUserId = $currentUser === null ? '0' : $currentUser->getId();
 
-if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 if($msz->hasActiveBan())
     $perms = $perms->apply(fn($calc) => $calc & (Perm::F_CATEGORY_LIST | Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW));
@@ -34,8 +30,10 @@ if($categoryInfo->isLink()) {
     if($categoryInfo->hasLinkTarget()) {
         $forum->incrementCategoryClicks($categoryInfo);
         redirect($categoryInfo->getLinkTarget());
-    } else render_error(404);
-    return;
+        return;
+    }
+
+    Template::throwError(404);
 }
 
 $forumPagination = new Pagination($forum->countTopics(
@@ -44,10 +42,8 @@ $forumPagination = new Pagination($forum->countTopics(
     deleted: $perms->check(Perm::F_POST_DELETE_ANY) ? null : false
 ), 20);
 
-if(!$forumPagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$forumPagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $userInfos = [];
 $userColours = [];
diff --git a/public-legacy/forum/index.php b/public-legacy/forum/index.php
index 61819f5..a048bbf 100644
--- a/public-legacy/forum/index.php
+++ b/public-legacy/forum/index.php
@@ -12,10 +12,8 @@ $currentUser = $msz->getActiveUser();
 $currentUserId = $currentUser === null ? '0' : $currentUser->getId();
 
 if($mode === 'mark') {
-    if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-        echo render_error(403);
-        return;
-    }
+    if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+        Template::throwError(403);
 
     $categoryId = filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'f', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
 
@@ -45,10 +43,8 @@ if($mode === 'mark') {
     return;
 }
 
-if($mode !== '') {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if($mode !== '')
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $userInfos = [];
 $userColours = [];
diff --git a/public-legacy/forum/leaderboard.php b/public-legacy/forum/leaderboard.php
index ad49c10..7984949 100644
--- a/public-legacy/forum/leaderboard.php
+++ b/public-legacy/forum/leaderboard.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_FORUM_LEADERBOARD_VIEW)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_FORUM_LEADERBOARD_VIEW))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $forum = $msz->getForum();
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
@@ -26,23 +24,17 @@ $currentMonth = (int)date('m');
 
 if(!empty($yearMonth)) {
     $yearMonthLength = strlen($yearMonth);
-    if(($yearMonthLength !== 4 && $yearMonthLength !== 6) || !ctype_digit($yearMonth)) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
-    }
+    if(($yearMonthLength !== 4 && $yearMonthLength !== 6) || !ctype_digit($yearMonth))
+        Template::throwError(404);
 
     $year = (int)substr($yearMonth, 0, 4);
-    if($year < $config['forum_leader.first_year'] || $year > $currentYear) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
-    }
+    if($year < $config['forum_leader.first_year'] || $year > $currentYear)
+        Template::throwError(404);
 
     if($yearMonthLength === 6) {
         $month = (int)substr($yearMonth, 4, 2);
-        if($month < 1 || $month > 12 || ($year === $config['forum_leader.first_year'] && $month < $config['forum_leader.first_month'])) {
-            echo render_error(404);
-            return;
-        }
+        if($month < 1 || $month > 12 || ($year === $config['forum_leader.first_year'] && $month < $config['forum_leader.first_month']))
+            Template::throwError(404);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/forum/post.php b/public-legacy/forum/post.php
index a893bc5..ddc9ac0 100644
--- a/public-legacy/forum/post.php
+++ b/public-legacy/forum/post.php
@@ -11,71 +11,52 @@ $submissionConfirmed = !empty($_GET['confirm']) && is_string($_GET['confirm']) &
 
 $postRequestVerified = CSRF::validateRequest();
 
-if(!empty($postMode) && !$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_info('You must be logged in to manage posts.', 401);
-    return;
-}
+if(!empty($postMode) && !$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::displayInfo('You must be logged in to manage posts.', 401);
 
 $currentUser = $msz->getActiveUser();
 $currentUserId = $currentUser === null ? '0' : $currentUser->getId();
 
-if($postMode !== '' && $msz->hasActiveBan()) {
-    echo render_info('You have been banned, check your profile for more information.', 403);
-    return;
-}
+if($postMode !== '' && $msz->hasActiveBan())
+    Template::displayInfo('You have been banned, check your profile for more information.', 403);
 
 try {
     $postInfo = $forum->getPost(postId: $postId);
 } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
+    Template::throwError(404);
 }
 
 $perms = $msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('forum', $postInfo->getCategoryId());
 
-if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $canDeleteAny = $perms->check(Perm::F_POST_DELETE_ANY);
 
 switch($postMode) {
     case 'delete':
         if($canDeleteAny) {
-            if($postInfo->isDeleted()) {
-                echo render_info('This post has already been marked as deleted.', 404);
-                return;
-            }
+            if($postInfo->isDeleted())
+                Template::displayInfo('This post has already been marked as deleted.', 404);
         } else {
-            if($postInfo->isDeleted()) {
-                echo render_error(404);
-                return;
-            }
+            if($postInfo->isDeleted())
+                Template::throwError(404);
 
-            if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_POST_DELETE_OWN)) {
-                echo render_info('You are not allowed to delete posts.', 403);
-                return;
-            }
+            if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_POST_DELETE_OWN))
+                Template::displayInfo('You are not allowed to delete posts.', 403);
 
-            if($postInfo->getUserId() !== $currentUser->getId()) {
-                echo render_info('You can only delete your own posts.', 403);
-                return;
-            }
+            if($postInfo->getUserId() !== $currentUser->getId())
+                Template::displayInfo('You can only delete your own posts.', 403);
 
             // posts may only be deleted within a week of creation, this should be a config value
             $deleteTimeFrame = 60 * 60 * 24 * 7;
-            if($postInfo->getCreatedTime() < time() - $deleteTimeFrame) {
-                echo render_info('This post has existed for too long. Ask a moderator to remove if it absolutely necessary.', 403);
-                return;
-            }
+            if($postInfo->getCreatedTime() < time() - $deleteTimeFrame)
+                Template::displayInfo('This post has existed for too long. Ask a moderator to remove if it absolutely necessary.', 403);
         }
 
         $originalPostInfo = $forum->getPost(topicInfo: $postInfo->getTopicId());
-        if($originalPostInfo->getId() === $postInfo->getId()) {
-            echo render_info('This is the opening post of the topic it belongs to, it may not be deleted without deleting the entire topic as well.', 403);
-            return;
-        }
+        if($originalPostInfo->getId() === $postInfo->getId())
+            Template::displayInfo('This is the opening post of the topic it belongs to, it may not be deleted without deleting the entire topic as well.', 403);
 
         if($postRequestVerified && !$submissionConfirmed) {
             url_redirect('forum-post', [
@@ -103,10 +84,8 @@ switch($postMode) {
         break;
 
     case 'nuke':
-        if(!$canDeleteAny) {
-            echo render_error(403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$canDeleteAny)
+            Template::throwError(403);
 
         if($postRequestVerified && !$submissionConfirmed) {
             url_redirect('forum-post', [
@@ -134,10 +113,8 @@ switch($postMode) {
         break;
 
     case 'restore':
-        if(!$canDeleteAny) {
-            echo render_error(403);
-            break;
-        }
+        if(!$canDeleteAny)
+            Template::throwError(403);
 
         if($postRequestVerified && !$submissionConfirmed) {
             url_redirect('forum-post', [
diff --git a/public-legacy/forum/posting.php b/public-legacy/forum/posting.php
index ca7dc40..74fe268 100644
--- a/public-legacy/forum/posting.php
+++ b/public-legacy/forum/posting.php
@@ -7,17 +7,13 @@ use Index\DateTime;
 use Misuzu\Forum\ForumTopicInfo;
 use Misuzu\Parsers\Parser;
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(401);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(401);
 
 $currentUser = $msz->getActiveUser();
 $currentUserId = $currentUser->getId();
-if($msz->hasActiveBan()) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if($msz->hasActiveBan())
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $forum = $msz->getForum();
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
@@ -42,10 +38,8 @@ if(!empty($_POST)) {
     $forumId = !empty($_GET['f']) && is_string($_GET['f']) ? (int)$_GET['f'] : 0;
 }
 
-if(!in_array($mode, $forumPostingModes, true)) {
-    echo render_error(400);
-    return;
-}
+if(!in_array($mode, $forumPostingModes, true))
+    Template::throwError(400);
 
 if($mode === 'preview') {
     header('Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8');
@@ -63,10 +57,8 @@ if($mode === 'preview') {
     return;
 }
 
-if(empty($postId) && empty($topicId) && empty($forumId)) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(empty($postId) && empty($topicId) && empty($forumId))
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 if(empty($postId)) {
     $hasPostInfo = false;
@@ -74,14 +66,11 @@ if(empty($postId)) {
     try {
         $postInfo = $forum->getPost(postId: $postId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
-    if($postInfo->isDeleted()) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
-    }
+    if($postInfo->isDeleted())
+        Template::throwError(404);
 
     // should automatic cross-quoting be a thing? if so, check if $topicId is < 1 first <-- what did i mean by this?
     $topicId = $postInfo->getTopicId();
@@ -94,14 +83,11 @@ if(empty($topicId)) {
     try {
         $topicInfo = $forum->getTopic(topicId: $topicId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
-    if($topicInfo->isDeleted()) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
-    }
+    if($topicInfo->isDeleted())
+        Template::throwError(404);
 
     $forumId = $topicInfo->getCategoryId();
     $originalPostInfo = $forum->getPost(topicInfo: $topicInfo);
@@ -114,8 +100,7 @@ if(empty($forumId)) {
     try {
         $categoryInfo = $forum->getCategory(categoryId: $forumId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
     $hasCategoryInfo = true;
@@ -127,15 +112,11 @@ if($categoryInfo->isArchived()
     || (isset($topicInfo) && $topicInfo->isLocked() && !$perms->check(Perm::F_TOPIC_LOCK))
     || !$perms->check(Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW)
     || !$perms->check(Perm::F_POST_CREATE)
-    || (!isset($topicInfo) && !$perms->check(Perm::F_TOPIC_CREATE))) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+    || (!isset($topicInfo) && !$perms->check(Perm::F_TOPIC_CREATE)))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
-if(!$categoryInfo->mayHaveTopics()) {
-    echo render_error(400);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$categoryInfo->mayHaveTopics())
+    Template::throwError(400);
 
 $topicTypes = [];
 
@@ -151,10 +132,8 @@ if($mode === 'create' || $mode === 'edit') {
 }
 
 // edit mode stuff
-if($mode === 'edit' && !$perms->check($postInfo->getUserId() === $currentUserId ? Perm::F_POST_EDIT_OWN : Perm::F_POST_EDIT_ANY)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if($mode === 'edit' && !$perms->check($postInfo->getUserId() === $currentUserId ? Perm::F_POST_EDIT_OWN : Perm::F_POST_EDIT_ANY))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $notices = [];
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/forum/topic.php b/public-legacy/forum/topic.php
index 8a8ae75..a796ee7 100644
--- a/public-legacy/forum/topic.php
+++ b/public-legacy/forum/topic.php
@@ -20,18 +20,15 @@ if($topicId < 1 && $postId > 0) {
     try {
         $postInfo = $forum->getPost(postId: $postId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
     $categoryId = $postInfo->getCategoryId();
     $perms = $msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('forum', $postInfo->getCategoryId());
     $canDeleteAny = $perms->check(Perm::F_POST_DELETE_ANY);
 
-    if($postInfo->isDeleted() && !$canDeleteAny) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
-    }
+    if($postInfo->isDeleted() && !$canDeleteAny)
+        Template::throwError(404);
 
     $topicId = $postInfo->getTopicId();
     $preceedingPostCount = $forum->countPosts(
@@ -68,17 +65,15 @@ if(($topicIsNuked || $topicIsDeleted) && $forum->hasTopicRedirect($topicId)) {
 
     if($topicIsNuked || !$canDeleteAny) {
         if(empty($topicRedirectInfo))
-            echo render_error(404);
-        else
-            header('Location: ' . $topicRedirectInfo->getLinkTarget());
+            Template::throwError(404);
+
+        header('Location: ' . $topicRedirectInfo->getLinkTarget());
         return;
     }
 }
 
-if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$perms->check(Perm::F_CATEGORY_VIEW))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 // Maximum amount of posts a topic may contain to still be deletable by the author
 // this should be in the config
@@ -108,57 +103,39 @@ $validModerationModes = [
 ];
 
 if(in_array($moderationMode, $validModerationModes, true)) {
-    if(!CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-        echo render_info("Couldn't verify this request, please refresh the page and try again.", 403);
-        return;
-    }
+    if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+        Template::displayInfo("Couldn't verify this request, please refresh the page and try again.", 403);
 
-    if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-        echo render_info('You must be logged in to manage posts.', 401);
-        return;
-    }
+    if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+        Template::displayInfo('You must be logged in to manage posts.', 401);
 
-    if($msz->hasActiveBan()) {
-        echo render_info('You have been banned, check your profile for more information.', 403);
-        return;
-    }
+    if($msz->hasActiveBan())
+        Template::displayInfo('You have been banned, check your profile for more information.', 403);
 
     switch($moderationMode) {
         case 'delete':
             if($canDeleteAny) {
-                if($topicInfo->isDeleted()) {
-                    echo render_info('This topic has already been marked as deleted.', 404);
-                    return;
-                }
+                if($topicInfo->isDeleted())
+                    Template::displayInfo('This topic has already been marked as deleted.', 404);
             } else {
-                if($topicInfo->isDeleted()) {
-                    echo render_error(404);
-                    return;
-                }
+                if($topicInfo->isDeleted())
+                    Template::throwError(404);
 
-                if(!$canDeleteOwn) {
-                    echo render_info("You aren't allowed to delete topics.", 403);
-                    return;
-                }
+                if(!$canDeleteOwn)
+                    Template::displayInfo("You aren't allowed to delete topics.", 403);
 
-                if($topicInfo->getUserId() !== $currentUser->getId()) {
-                    echo render_info('You can only delete your own topics.', 403);
-                    return;
-                }
+                if($topicInfo->getUserId() !== $currentUser->getId())
+                    Template::displayInfo('You can only delete your own topics.', 403);
 
                 // topics may only be deleted within a day of creation, this should be a config value
                 $deleteTimeFrame = 60 * 60 * 24;
-                if($topicInfo->getCreatedTime() < time() - $deleteTimeFrame) {
-                    echo render_info('This topic has existed for too long. Ask a moderator to remove if it absolutely necessary.', 403);
-                    return;
-                }
+                if($topicInfo->getCreatedTime() < time() - $deleteTimeFrame)
+                    Template::displayInfo('This topic has existed for too long. Ask a moderator to remove if it absolutely necessary.', 403);
 
                 // deleted posts are intentionally included
                 $topicPostCount = $forum->countPosts(topicInfo: $topicInfo);
-                if($topicPostCount > $deletePostThreshold) {
-                    echo render_info('This topic already has replies, you may no longer delete it. Ask a moderator to remove if it absolutely necessary.', 403);
-                    return;
-                }
+                if($topicPostCount > $deletePostThreshold)
+                    Template::displayInfo('This topic already has replies, you may no longer delete it. Ask a moderator to remove if it absolutely necessary.', 403);
             }
 
             if(!isset($_GET['confirm'])) {
@@ -189,10 +166,8 @@ if(in_array($moderationMode, $validModerationModes, true)) {
             break;
 
         case 'restore':
-            if(!$canNukeOrRestore) {
-                echo render_error(403);
-                break;
-            }
+            if(!$canNukeOrRestore)
+                Template::throwError(403);
 
             if(!isset($_GET['confirm'])) {
                 Template::render('forum.confirm', [
@@ -221,10 +196,8 @@ if(in_array($moderationMode, $validModerationModes, true)) {
             break;
 
         case 'nuke':
-            if(!$canNukeOrRestore) {
-                echo render_error(403);
-                break;
-            }
+            if(!$canNukeOrRestore)
+                Template::throwError(403);
 
             if(!isset($_GET['confirm'])) {
                 Template::render('forum.confirm', [
@@ -297,10 +270,8 @@ $topicPagination = new Pagination($topicPosts, 10, 'page');
 if(isset($preceedingPostCount))
     $topicPagination->setPage(floor($preceedingPostCount / $topicPagination->getRange()), true);
 
-if(!$topicPagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$topicPagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $postInfos = $forum->getPosts(
     topicInfo: $topicInfo,
@@ -308,10 +279,8 @@ $postInfos = $forum->getPosts(
     pagination: $topicPagination,
 );
 
-if(empty($postInfos)) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(empty($postInfos))
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $originalPostInfo = $forum->getPost(topicInfo: $topicInfo);
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/change.php b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/change.php
index 948081f..a8a51c6 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/change.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/change.php
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ use Index\DateTime;
 use Index\XArray;
 use Misuzu\Changelog\Changelog;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_CHANGES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_CHANGES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $changeActions = [];
 foreach(Changelog::ACTIONS as $action)
@@ -30,16 +28,16 @@ else
         $changeInfo = $changelog->getChange($changeId);
         $changeTagIds = XArray::select($changelog->getTags(changeInfo: $changeInfo), fn($tagInfo) => $tagInfo->getId());
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
 if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET' && !empty($_GET['delete'])) {
-    if(CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-        $changelog->deleteChange($changeInfo);
-        $msz->createAuditLog('CHANGELOG_ENTRY_DELETE', [$changeInfo->getId()]);
-        url_redirect('manage-changelog-changes');
-    } else render_error(403);
+    if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+        Template::throwError(403);
+
+    $changelog->deleteChange($changeInfo);
+    $msz->createAuditLog('CHANGELOG_ENTRY_DELETE', [$changeInfo->getId()]);
+    url_redirect('manage-changelog-changes');
     return;
 }
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/index.php b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/index.php
index 69d64c3..e6c37df 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/index.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/index.php
@@ -3,18 +3,14 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_CHANGES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_CHANGES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $changelog = $msz->getChangelog();
 $changelogPagination = new Pagination($changelog->countChanges(), 30);
 
-if(!$changelogPagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$changelogPagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $changeInfos = $changelog->getChanges(pagination: $changelogPagination);
 $changes = [];
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tag.php b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tag.php
index 1199b44..8e9d104 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tag.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tag.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_TAGS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_TAGS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $changelog = $msz->getChangelog();
 $tagId = (string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 't', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
@@ -19,16 +17,16 @@ else
         $isNew = false;
         $tagInfo = $loadTagInfo();
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
 if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET' && !empty($_GET['delete'])) {
-    if(CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-        $changelog->deleteTag($tagInfo);
-        $msz->createAuditLog('CHANGELOG_TAG_DELETE', [$tagInfo->getId()]);
-        url_redirect('manage-changelog-tags');
-    } else render_error(403);
+    if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+        Template::throwError(403);
+
+    $changelog->deleteTag($tagInfo);
+    $msz->createAuditLog('CHANGELOG_TAG_DELETE', [$tagInfo->getId()]);
+    url_redirect('manage-changelog-tags');
     return;
 }
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tags.php b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tags.php
index 0742adf..2503b61 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tags.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/changelog/tags.php
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_TAGS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CL_TAGS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 Template::render('manage.changelog.tags', [
     'changelog_tags' => $msz->getChangelog()->getTags(),
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/forum/index.php b/public-legacy/manage/forum/index.php
index 19136ee..3371eda 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/forum/index.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/forum/index.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use Misuzu\Perm;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_FORUM_CATEGORIES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_FORUM_CATEGORIES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $perms = $msz->getPerms();
 $permsInfos = $perms->getPermissionInfo(categoryNames: Perm::INFO_FOR_FORUM_CATEGORY);
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/forum/redirs.php b/public-legacy/manage/forum/redirs.php
index 06ddfec..dd55c81 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/forum/redirs.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/forum/redirs.php
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_FORUM_TOPIC_REDIRS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_FORUM_TOPIC_REDIRS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $forum = $msz->getForum();
 
@@ -33,10 +31,8 @@ if(filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'm') === 'explode') {
 }
 
 $pagination = new Pagination($forum->countTopicRedirects(), 20);
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $redirs = $forum->getTopicRedirects(pagination: $pagination);
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticon.php b/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticon.php
index b2d1bcd..b50b794 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticon.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticon.php
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 use RuntimeException;
 use Index\XArray;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_EMOTES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_EMOTES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $emotes = $msz->getEmotes();
 $emoteId = (string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'e', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
@@ -20,8 +18,7 @@ else
         $emoteInfo = $emotes->getEmote($emoteId);
         $emoteStrings = $emotes->getEmoteStrings($emoteInfo);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
 // make errors not echos lol
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticons.php b/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticons.php
index 2a3a002..8f5a33e 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticons.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/general/emoticons.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_EMOTES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_EMOTES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $emotes = $msz->getEmotes();
 
@@ -16,8 +14,7 @@ if(CSRF::validateRequest() && !empty($_GET['emote'])) {
     try {
         $emoteInfo = $emotes->getEmote($emoteId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
     if(!empty($_GET['delete'])) {
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/general/logs.php b/public-legacy/manage/general/logs.php
index 66e2988..ecf7635 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/general/logs.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/general/logs.php
@@ -3,19 +3,15 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use Misuzu\Pagination;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_LOGS_VIEW)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_LOGS_VIEW))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 $auditLog = $msz->getAuditLog();
 $pagination = new Pagination($auditLog->countLogs(), 50);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $logs = $auditLog->getLogs(pagination: $pagination);
 $userInfos = [];
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/general/setting-delete.php b/public-legacy/manage/general/setting-delete.php
index bd92db8..40995da 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/general/setting-delete.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/general/setting-delete.php
@@ -3,17 +3,13 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use Misuzu\Config\CfgTools;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CONFIG_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CONFIG_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $valueName = (string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'name');
 $valueInfo = $cfg->getValueInfo($valueName);
-if($valueInfo === null) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if($valueInfo === null)
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'POST' && CSRF::validateRequest()) {
     $valueName = $valueInfo->getName();
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/general/setting.php b/public-legacy/manage/general/setting.php
index 8354630..05c8617 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/general/setting.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/general/setting.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use Misuzu\Config\DbConfig;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CONFIG_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CONFIG_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $isNew = true;
 $sName = (string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'name');
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/general/settings.php b/public-legacy/manage/general/settings.php
index 4acaa7c..71a396c 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/general/settings.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/general/settings.php
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CONFIG_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_CONFIG_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $hidden = $cfg->getArray('settings.hidden');
 $vars = $cfg->getAllValueInfos();
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/news/categories.php b/public-legacy/manage/news/categories.php
index df1584a..ae2de45 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/news/categories.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/news/categories.php
@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_CATEGORIES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_CATEGORIES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $news = $msz->getNews();
 $pagination = new Pagination($news->countCategories(), 15);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $categories = $news->getCategories(pagination: $pagination);
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/news/category.php b/public-legacy/manage/news/category.php
index 98af6e1..6e186d7 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/news/category.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/news/category.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_CATEGORIES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_CATEGORIES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $news = $msz->getNews();
 $categoryId = (string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'c', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
@@ -19,16 +17,16 @@ else
         $isNew = false;
         $categoryInfo = $loadCategoryInfo();
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
 if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET' && !empty($_GET['delete'])) {
-    if(CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-        $news->deleteCategory($categoryInfo);
-        $msz->createAuditLog('NEWS_CATEGORY_DELETE', [$categoryInfo->getId()]);
-        url_redirect('manage-news-categories');
-    } else render_error(403);
+    if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+        Template::throwError(403);
+
+    $news->deleteCategory($categoryInfo);
+    $msz->createAuditLog('NEWS_CATEGORY_DELETE', [$categoryInfo->getId()]);
+    url_redirect('manage-news-categories');
     return;
 }
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/news/post.php b/public-legacy/manage/news/post.php
index 6f2a6f4..11004b8 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/news/post.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/news/post.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_POSTS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_POSTS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $news = $msz->getNews();
 $postId = (string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'p', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
@@ -19,16 +17,16 @@ else
         $isNew = false;
         $postInfo = $loadPostInfo();
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
 if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET' && !empty($_GET['delete'])) {
-    if(CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-        $news->deletePost($postInfo);
-        $msz->createAuditLog('NEWS_POST_DELETE', [$postInfo->getId()]);
-        url_redirect('manage-news-posts');
-    } else render_error(403);
+    if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+        Template::throwError(403);
+
+    $news->deletePost($postInfo);
+    $msz->createAuditLog('NEWS_POST_DELETE', [$postInfo->getId()]);
+    url_redirect('manage-news-posts');
     return;
 }
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/news/posts.php b/public-legacy/manage/news/posts.php
index 3183259..2285d32 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/news/posts.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/news/posts.php
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_POSTS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('global')->check(Perm::G_NEWS_POSTS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $news = $msz->getNews();
 $pagination = new Pagination($news->countPosts(
@@ -12,10 +10,8 @@ $pagination = new Pagination($news->countPosts(
     includeDeleted: true
 ), 15);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $posts = $news->getAllPosts(
     includeScheduled: true,
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/ban.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/ban.php
index 6e724a1..5f62f6d 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/ban.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/ban.php
@@ -5,26 +5,24 @@ use DateTimeInterface;
 use RuntimeException;
 use Index\DateTime;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_BANS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_BANS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $bans = $msz->getBans();
 
 if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET' && filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'delete')) {
-    if(CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-        try {
-            $banInfo = $bans->getBan((string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'b'));
-        } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-            echo render_error(404);
-            return;
-        }
+    if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+        Template::throwError(403);
 
-        $bans->deleteBans($banInfo);
-        $msz->createAuditLog('BAN_DELETE', [$banInfo->getId(), $banInfo->getUserId()]);
-        url_redirect('manage-users-bans', ['user' => $banInfo->getUserId()]);
-    } else render_error(403);
+    try {
+        $banInfo = $bans->getBan((string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'b'));
+    } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
+        Template::throwError(404);
+    }
+
+    $bans->deleteBans($banInfo);
+    $msz->createAuditLog('BAN_DELETE', [$banInfo->getId(), $banInfo->getUserId()]);
+    url_redirect('manage-users-bans', ['user' => $banInfo->getUserId()]);
     return;
 }
 
@@ -33,8 +31,7 @@ $users = $msz->getUsers();
 try {
     $userInfo = $users->getUser(filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'u', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT), 'id');
 } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
+    Template::throwError(404);
 }
 
 $modInfo = $msz->getActiveUser();
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/bans.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/bans.php
index 3eb35c1..4c726aa 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/bans.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/bans.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_BANS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_BANS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 
@@ -25,18 +23,15 @@ if(filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'u')) {
         $userInfos[$filterUserId] = $filterUser;
         $userColours[$filterUserId] = $users->getUserColour($filterUser);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 }
 
 $bans = $msz->getBans();
 $pagination = new Pagination($bans->countBans(userInfo: $filterUser), 10);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $banList = [];
 $banInfos = $bans->getBans(userInfo: $filterUser, activeFirst: true, pagination: $pagination);
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/index.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/index.php
index c7fb189..4e41191 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/index.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/index.php
@@ -1,19 +1,15 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_USERS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_USERS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 $roles = $msz->getRoles();
 $pagination = new Pagination($users->countUsers(), 30);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $userList = [];
 $userInfos = $users->getUsers(pagination: $pagination, orderBy: 'id');
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/note.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/note.php
index 3bdb41f..ffc94ba 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/note.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/note.php
@@ -3,18 +3,14 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_NOTES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_NOTES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $hasNoteId = filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'n');
 $hasUserId = filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'u');
 
-if((!$hasNoteId && !$hasUserId) || ($hasNoteId && $hasUserId)) {
-    echo render_error(400);
-    return;
-}
+if((!$hasNoteId && !$hasUserId) || ($hasNoteId && $hasUserId))
+    Template::throwError(400);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 $modNotes = $msz->getModNotes();
@@ -25,8 +21,7 @@ if($hasUserId) {
     try {
         $userInfo = $users->getUser(filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'u', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT), 'id');
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
     $authorInfo = $msz->getActiveUser();
@@ -36,16 +31,16 @@ if($hasUserId) {
     try {
         $noteInfo = $modNotes->getNote((string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'n', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT));
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 
     if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET' && filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'delete')) {
-        if(CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-            $modNotes->deleteNotes($noteInfo);
-            $msz->createAuditLog('MOD_NOTE_DELETE', [$noteInfo->getId(), $noteInfo->getUserId()]);
-            url_redirect('manage-users-notes', ['user' => $noteInfo->getUserId()]);
-        } else render_error(403);
+        if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+            Template::throwError(403);
+
+        $modNotes->deleteNotes($noteInfo);
+        $msz->createAuditLog('MOD_NOTE_DELETE', [$noteInfo->getId(), $noteInfo->getUserId()]);
+        url_redirect('manage-users-notes', ['user' => $noteInfo->getUserId()]);
         return;
     }
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/notes.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/notes.php
index 1488869..0826250 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/notes.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/notes.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_NOTES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_NOTES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 
@@ -25,18 +23,15 @@ if(filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'u')) {
         $userInfos[$filterUserId] = $filterUser;
         $userColours[$filterUserId] = $users->getUserColour($filterUser);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 }
 
 $modNotes = $msz->getModNotes();
 $pagination = new Pagination($modNotes->countNotes(userInfo: $filterUser), 10);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $notes = [];
 $noteInfos = $modNotes->getNotes(userInfo: $filterUser, pagination: $pagination);
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/role.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/role.php
index ddc955f..ab2b59c 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/role.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/role.php
@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ use Index\Colour\ColourRGB;
 use Misuzu\Perm;
 
 $viewerPerms = $msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user');
-if(!$viewerPerms->check(Perm::U_ROLES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$viewerPerms->check(Perm::U_ROLES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 $roles = $msz->getRoles();
@@ -23,8 +21,7 @@ if(filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'r')) {
         $isNew = false;
         $roleInfo = $roles->getRole($roleId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 } else $isNew = true;
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/roles.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/roles.php
index 31574bc..c94e883 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/roles.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/roles.php
@@ -1,18 +1,14 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_ROLES_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_ROLES_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $roles = $msz->getRoles();
 $pagination = new Pagination($roles->countRoles(), 10);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $rolesAll = [];
 $roleInfos = $roles->getRoles(pagination: $pagination);
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/user.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/user.php
index df94e83..2726ee0 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/user.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/user.php
@@ -8,10 +8,8 @@ use Misuzu\Auth\AuthTokenCookie;
 use Misuzu\Users\User;
 
 $viewerPerms = $msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user');
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 $roles = $msz->getRoles();
@@ -28,10 +26,8 @@ $canImpersonate = $viewerPerms->check(Perm::U_CAN_IMPERSONATE);
 $canSendTestMail = $currentUser->isSuperUser();
 $hasAccess = $canManageUsers || $canManageNotes || $canManageWarnings || $canManageBans;
 
-if(!$hasAccess) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$hasAccess)
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $notices = [];
 $userId = (int)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'u', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
@@ -39,8 +35,7 @@ $userId = (int)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'u', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT);
 try {
     $userInfo = $users->getUser($userId, 'id');
 } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
+    Template::throwError(404);
 }
 
 $currentUserRank = $users->getUserRank($currentUser);
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/warning.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/warning.php
index 9bfc6dc..e945583 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/warning.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/warning.php
@@ -3,26 +3,24 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_WARNINGS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_WARNINGS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $warns = $msz->getWarnings();
 
 if($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] === 'GET' && filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'delete')) {
-    if(CSRF::validateRequest()) {
-        try {
-            $warnInfo = $warns->getWarning((string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'w'));
-        } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-            echo render_error(404);
-            return;
-        }
+    if(!CSRF::validateRequest())
+        Template::throwError(403);
 
-        $warns->deleteWarnings($warnInfo);
-        $msz->createAuditLog('WARN_DELETE', [$warnInfo->getId(), $warnInfo->getUserId()]);
-        url_redirect('manage-users-warnings', ['user' => $warnInfo->getUserId()]);
-    } else render_error(403);
+    try {
+        $warnInfo = $warns->getWarning((string)filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'w'));
+    } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
+        Template::throwError(404);
+    }
+
+    $warns->deleteWarnings($warnInfo);
+    $msz->createAuditLog('WARN_DELETE', [$warnInfo->getId(), $warnInfo->getUserId()]);
+    url_redirect('manage-users-warnings', ['user' => $warnInfo->getUserId()]);
     return;
 }
 
@@ -31,8 +29,7 @@ $users = $msz->getUsers();
 try {
     $userInfo = $users->getUser(filter_input(INPUT_GET, 'u', FILTER_SANITIZE_NUMBER_INT), 'id');
 } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
+    Template::throwError(404);
 }
 
 $modInfo = $msz->getActiveUser();
diff --git a/public-legacy/manage/users/warnings.php b/public-legacy/manage/users/warnings.php
index 8694144..2bb6322 100644
--- a/public-legacy/manage/users/warnings.php
+++ b/public-legacy/manage/users/warnings.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_WARNINGS_MANAGE)) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->getAuthInfo()->getPerms('user')->check(Perm::U_WARNINGS_MANAGE))
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
 
@@ -25,18 +23,15 @@ if(filter_has_var(INPUT_GET, 'u')) {
         $userInfos[$filterUserId] = $filterUser;
         $userColours[$filterUserId] = $users->getUserColour($filterUser);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 }
 
 $warns = $msz->getWarnings();
 $pagination = new Pagination($warns->countWarnings(userInfo: $filterUser), 10);
 
-if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset()) {
-    echo render_error(404);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$pagination->hasValidOffset())
+    Template::throwError(404);
 
 $warnList = [];
 $warnInfos = $warns->getWarnings(userInfo: $filterUser, pagination: $pagination);
diff --git a/public-legacy/members.php b/public-legacy/members.php
index 9b74c45..508d5e5 100644
--- a/public-legacy/members.php
+++ b/public-legacy/members.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 // TODO: restore forum-topics and forum-posts orderings
 
@@ -53,8 +51,7 @@ $orderFields = [
 if(empty($orderBy)) {
     $orderBy = $defaultOrder;
 } elseif(!array_key_exists($orderBy, $orderFields)) {
-    echo render_error(400);
-    return;
+    Template::throwError(400);
 }
 
 if(array_key_exists('alt', $orderFields[$orderBy]))
@@ -63,8 +60,7 @@ if(array_key_exists('alt', $orderFields[$orderBy]))
 if(empty($orderDir)) {
     $orderDir = 'asc';
 } elseif(!array_key_exists($orderDir, $orderDirs)) {
-    echo render_error(400);
-    return;
+    Template::throwError(400);
 }
 
 if($roleId === null) {
@@ -73,8 +69,7 @@ if($roleId === null) {
     try {
         $roleInfo = $roles->getRole($roleId);
     } catch(RuntimeException $ex) {
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/profile.php b/public-legacy/profile.php
index 7101523..077fbd9 100644
--- a/public-legacy/profile.php
+++ b/public-legacy/profile.php
@@ -46,8 +46,7 @@ if($userInfo->isDeleted()) {
 
 switch($profileMode) {
     default:
-        echo render_error(404);
-        return;
+        Template::throwError(404);
 
     case 'forum-topics':
         url_redirect('search-query', ['query' => sprintf('type:forum:topic author:%s', $userInfo->getName()), 'section' => 'topics']);
@@ -80,10 +79,8 @@ $avatarInfo = new UserAvatarAsset($userInfo);
 $backgroundInfo = new UserBackgroundAsset($userInfo);
 
 if($isEditing) {
-    if(!$canEdit) {
-        echo render_error(403);
-        return;
-    }
+    if(!$canEdit)
+        Template::throwError(403);
 
     $perms = $viewerPerms->checkMany([
         'edit_profile' => Perm::U_PROFILE_EDIT,
diff --git a/public-legacy/search.php b/public-legacy/search.php
index 95272e6..1682487 100644
--- a/public-legacy/search.php
+++ b/public-legacy/search.php
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@ use RuntimeException;
 use Index\XArray;
 use Misuzu\Comments\CommentsCategory;
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(403);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(403);
 
 $searchQuery = !empty($_GET['q']) && is_string($_GET['q']) ? $_GET['q'] : '';
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/settings/account.php b/public-legacy/settings/account.php
index e8c54df..58a59bc 100644
--- a/public-legacy/settings/account.php
+++ b/public-legacy/settings/account.php
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@ use Misuzu\Users\User;
 use chillerlan\QRCode\QRCode;
 use chillerlan\QRCode\QROptions;
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(401);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(401);
 
 $errors = [];
 $users = $msz->getUsers();
diff --git a/public-legacy/settings/data.php b/public-legacy/settings/data.php
index b867c7a..9c76f7e 100644
--- a/public-legacy/settings/data.php
+++ b/public-legacy/settings/data.php
@@ -6,10 +6,8 @@ use Index\XString;
 use Index\IO\FileStream;
 use Misuzu\Users\UserInfo;
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(401);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(401);
 
 $dbConn = $msz->getDbConn();
 
diff --git a/public-legacy/settings/index.php b/public-legacy/settings/index.php
index 9ae3d3a..a5ef449 100644
--- a/public-legacy/settings/index.php
+++ b/public-legacy/settings/index.php
@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
 <?php
 namespace Misuzu;
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(401);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(401);
 
 url_redirect('settings-account');
diff --git a/public-legacy/settings/logs.php b/public-legacy/settings/logs.php
index a5832e2..ac19d04 100644
--- a/public-legacy/settings/logs.php
+++ b/public-legacy/settings/logs.php
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 use Misuzu\Pagination;
 
 $currentUser = $msz->getActiveUser();
-if($currentUser === null) {
-    echo render_error(401);
-    return;
-}
+if($currentUser === null)
+    Template::throwError(401);
 
 $loginAttempts = $msz->getLoginAttempts();
 $auditLog = $msz->getAuditLog();
diff --git a/public-legacy/settings/sessions.php b/public-legacy/settings/sessions.php
index dc19636..6852b1a 100644
--- a/public-legacy/settings/sessions.php
+++ b/public-legacy/settings/sessions.php
@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ namespace Misuzu;
 
 use RuntimeException;
 
-if(!$msz->isLoggedIn()) {
-    echo render_error(401);
-    return;
-}
+if(!$msz->isLoggedIn())
+    Template::throwError(401);
 
 $errors = [];
 $sessions = $msz->getSessions();
diff --git a/public/index.php b/public/index.php
index d232d92..c2a32dd 100644
--- a/public/index.php
+++ b/public/index.php
@@ -236,10 +236,8 @@ if($inManageMode) {
         }
     }
 
-    if(!$hasManageAccess) {
-        echo render_error(403);
-        exit;
-    }
+    if(!$hasManageAccess)
+        Template::throwError(403);
 }
 
 $mszRequestPath = $request->getPath();
diff --git a/src/Template.php b/src/Template.php
index 26b1038..2b668d5 100644
--- a/src/Template.php
+++ b/src/Template.php
@@ -59,4 +59,19 @@ final class Template {
             throw new InvalidArgumentException('First parameter must be of type array or string.');
         }
     }
+
+    public static function displayInfo(?string $message, int $statusCode, ?string $template = null): never {
+        http_response_code($statusCode);
+
+        self::$vars['http_code'] = $statusCode;
+        if(!empty($message))
+            self::$vars['message'] = $message;
+
+        self::render(sprintf($template ?? 'errors.%d', $statusCode));
+        exit;
+    }
+
+    public static function throwError(int $statusCode, ?string $template = null): never {
+        self::displayInfo(null, $statusCode, $template);
+    }
 }
diff --git a/utility.php b/utility.php
deleted file mode 100644
index f9dcd95..0000000
--- a/utility.php
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-<?php
-// render_error and render_info need to be nuked from orbit
-
-function render_error(int $code, string $template = 'errors.%d'): string {
-    return render_info(null, $code, $template);
-}
-
-function render_info(?string $message, int $httpCode, string $template = 'errors.%d'): string {
-    http_response_code($httpCode);
-
-    \Misuzu\Template::set('http_code', $httpCode);
-
-    if(!empty($message))
-        \Misuzu\Template::set('message', $message);
-
-    $template = sprintf($template, $httpCode);
-
-    return \Misuzu\Template::renderRaw(sprintf($template, $httpCode));
-}